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List Of Roma People

List of Roma people

This is a list of famous Romani people

Musicians

- Carmen Amaya, Spanish flamenco dancer
- Kálmán Balogh, Hungarian cimbalom player & bandleader
- János Bihari, Hungarian violinist
- Vera Bila, Czech singer
- Iva Bittova, Czech singer
- Michelle Branch, Part Asian, White, Roma
- Georges Cziffra, Hungarian pianist
- Fanfare Ciocărlia, Romanian brass band
- Lola Flores, Spanish singer, actress
- Rosario Flores, Spanish singer, actress
- Gipsy Kings, French new flamenco band
- Edyta Gorniak, Polish singer (Roma father)
- Camarón de la Isla, Spanish flamenco singer
- Ketama, Spanish new flamenco band
- La Paquera de Jerez, Spanish flamenco singer (Roma father)
- Bireli Lagrene, French jazz guitarist
- Boban Markovic, Serbian brass bandleader
- Andy McCoy, Finnish guitarist for Hanoi Rocks (Roma father)
- Carlos Montoya, Spanish flamenco guitarist
- Ramón Montoya, Spanish flamenco guitarist
- Ivo Papasov, Bulgarian clarinetist
- Manitas de Plata, French guitarist
- Johnny Răducanu, Romanian jazz singer
- Django Reinhardt, Belgian jazz guitarist
- Esma Redzepova, Macedonian singer
- Jimmy Rosenberg, Dutch swing guitarist
- Ferenc Snetberger, Hungarian jazz guitarist
- Taraful Haiducilor, Romanian band
- Manuel Torre, Spanish flamenco dancer
- Yuri Yunakov, Bulgarian saxophonist
- Ion Voicu, Romanian violinist
- Joe Zawinul, Austrian/American jazz musician (Roma grandmother)
- Sandro, Argentinian pop singer (Rom father)
- David Essex, former President of the Romany Union, musician and actor.
- Stephane Grappelli, A close associate of Django Reinhardt who frequently performed with him notably in Jazz Manouches.

Media

- Florijan Ajdini, actor
- Fairuza Balk, American actress (Roma father)
- Charlie Chaplin, British actor & director (Roma mother)
- George Bramwell Evens, British natural history broadcaster (Roma mother)
- Yul Brynner, Russian actor (former honorary president of Roma, his mother was Roma, according to his own declarations; he played in Roma Clubs as a musician when young and was also a trapezist in Romany circus, was of mixed Russian-Romany, Swiss and Monghol ancestry)
- Victor Mature, American actor
- Rita Hayworth (Margarita Carmen Cansino), American actress, Roma father
- Rose McDowall, British singer (Roma grandmother)
- Eva Gabor, Hungarian-American actress, sister of Magda Gabor and Zsa Zsa Gabor, allegedly Roma, there is no basis for such assertion besides the fact that Gabor is a common surname of Transylvanian Roma
- Tony Gatlif, French/Algerian director (Roma father)
- Cary Grant, British-American actor, alleged Roma descent from his mother's side
- Soledad Miranda Andalusian Flamenco Dancer and later Horror Film Actress from Seville, mother was a Gitanes - Spanish Father.
- Cantinflas (Mario Moreno), Mexican actor
- Ava Gardner, American actress (Roma grandfather)
- Bob Hoskins, British actor (Roma mother)
- Karl Malden, American actor (Roma father)
- Bajram Severdzan, Yugoslav actor
- Azis, Bulgarian Chalga singer

Writers

- Veijo Baltzar, Finnish writer
- Rajko Djuric, Yugoslav writer & activist
- Philomena Franz, German writer
- Matéo Maximoff, French writer
- Mariella Mehr, Swiss author
- Ceija Stojka, Austrian author & painter
- Katarina Taikon, Swedish children's writer
- Bronislawa Wajs ("Papusza"), Polish poet
- John Bunyan, English puritan writer (secret Roma descent disputed)

Football Players (Soccer)

- Zlatan Ibrahimović, Swedish - Roma father - (Juventus)
- Dejan Savicević, Yugoslavian (Milan)
- Andrea Pirlo, Italian Sinto (Milan)
- Rafael van der Vaart, Dutch (Ajax)
- Siniša Mihajlović, Serbian (Inter Milan)
- José Antonio Reyes, Spanish (Arsenal)
- Eric Cantona, French (Manchester United)

Other

- Margita Bangova, Canadian panhandler
- Augustine Bearce, early Plymouth colonist & American ancestor
- Ian Hancock, British scholar & activist
- Jem Mace, British boxing champion, IBHoF
- Mother Theresa, Macedonian missionary
- Rodrigo de Triana, the first man that saw the land of the Americas in Columbus' first trip.
- Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist, his alleged Romany ancestry is just a myth
- Freddie Prinze, American Actor
- Freddie Prinze Jr., American Actor
- Jimmy Marks litigant in a lawsuit against the city of Spokane, Washington
- David Blaine Illusionist
- George Soros, Hungarian-American philantrophist Category:Roma people Roma

Roma people

] ] The Roma people (singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom), along with the closely related Sinti people, are commonly known as Gypsies in English. They are a traditionally nomadic people who originated in the regions between northwestern India and the Iranian plateau, but currently live worldwide, chiefly in Europe. Most Roma speak some form of Romany, a language closely related to the modern Indo-European languages of Europe, and more specifically to Indo-Iranian languages found in Pakistan and northwestern India [http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_family.asp?subid=653], but usually most Roma speak the dominant language of the region they live in as well. Modern linguistics has related the Romany language to Punjabi and especially to the Pothohari dialect, spoken mainly in Pakistan and to a lesser extent northwestern India.

Name

The Roma are popularly known in English as Gypsies or Gipsies, a derivation of the word Egypt, from a former belief among outsiders that they were natives of Egypt. This ethnonym was never used by the Roma to describe themselves. The term Gypsy has long been associated with persecution, and has acquired pejorative connotations. There is no connection between the names of the Roma or their language, and the city of Rome (Roma in Latin, Italian, and Romanian), the Roman Empire, Romania, the Romanian people or the Romanian language. In Europe the Roma are variously known as Tsigane (French: Tsigane; Albanian: Cigan, Maxhup, Gabel, Arixhi, Jevg; Macedonian: Цигани; Bulgarian: Цигани (Tsigani); Czech: Cikáni; Dutch and German: Zigeuner; Swedish: zigenare; Danish: Sigøjner; Norwegian: Sigøyner; Finnish: mustalainen or romani; Lithuanian: Čigonai; Latvian: Čigāni; Russian: Цыгане (Tsyganye); Hungarian: Cigány; Slovak: Cigáni; Greek: Τσιγγάνοι (Tsingánoi); Armenian: Gnchou; Italian: Zingari; Romanian: ţigani; Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian: Cigani Цигани; Polish: Cyganie; Portuguese: Cigano; Spanish: Gitano and in Turkish as Çingene). In Iran they are referred to as کولی (Kowli), in India as Lambani, Lambadi, or Rabari; in Arabic: Ghajar, or Nawar; in Hebrew: צוענים (Tso-a-nim) (pl.) or צועני (Tso-a-ni) (sing.); In Welsh they are known as "Sipsiwn" which is derived from the English "Gypsy". In recent years, there has been a movement towards use of the "double-R" spellings of "Rroma" for the people and "Rromanes" for the language, as "r" and "rr" represent two different phonemes in Romany. Some Roma say that is a mistaken spelling, never adopted by Roma, and definitively rejected by the last Romany congress, that defined the universal Romany alphabet for the Romany language. Other Roma embrace the spelling as politically correct (or at least neutral). Most Roma refer to themselves by one generic name, Rom (meaning "man" or "husband").

Language

Analysis of the Romany language has shown that it is related to languages spoken in northern Pakistan and northwest India, such as Pothohari and Punjabi. This is regarded as strong evidence for locating the geographical origin of the Roma, particularly in light of the fact that loanwords in Romany make it possible to trace the pattern of their migration west. Body habitus and ABO blood group distribution is also consistent with northern Indian warrior classes. However, a study recently published in Nature magazine suggests Romany is related to Sinhalese (see footnotes). Some Roma have developed creole languages and/or mixed languages, including:
- Caló or Iberian-Romany, which uses the Romany lexicon and Spanish grammar (the calé). It is the source of many words of Spanish cant and slang.
- Lomavren or Armenian-Romany
- Angloromani or English-Romany
- Romano-Greek or Greek-Romany
- Traveller Norwegian or Norwegian-Romany
- Romano-Serbian or Serbian-Romany
- Boyash, a dialect of Romanian with Hungarian and Romany loanwords
- Tavringer Romani or Swedish-Romany

History

The Roma are believed to have left India about AD 1000, and to have passed through what is now Afghanistan, Persia, Armenia, and Turkey. People recognizable by other Roma as Roma still live as far east as Iran, including some who made the migration to Europe, and returned. By the 14th century, the Roma had reached the Balkans, and by the 16th century, Scotland and Sweden. Some Roma migrated south through Syria to North Africa, reaching Europe through the Strait of Gibraltar in the 15th century. Both currents met in today's France. Many peoples similar to the Roma still exist in India, seeming to have originated from the desert state of Rajasthan. The reason for the diaspora of the Roma is one of the great mysteries of history. It has been proposed by some scholars that the Roma were originally low-caste Hindus recruited into an army of mercenaries, whereupon they were granted warrior caste status, and sent westwards to resist Islamic military expansion. Another theory is that they were captives taken as slaves by Muslim conquerors of northern India, and that they became a distinct community in their lands of captivity. It is reported that Mahmud of Ghazni took half a million prisoners during a Turk-Persian invasion of Sindh and Punjab in India. Why the Roma did not return to India, choosing instead to travel ever-farther west into the lands of Europe, is an enigma, but may relate to military service under the Muslims. Roma immigration to the United States began in colonial times, with small groups in Virginia and French Louisiana. Larger-scale immigration began in the 1860's, with groups of Romnichal from Britain. The largest number of immigrants came over in the early 1900's, mainly from the Vlax group of Kalderash. The two groups do not often associate with each other. A large number also moved to Latin America. Persecution of Roma reached a peak in World War II, when the Nazis murdered large numbers of Roma. Like Jews, Gay and disabled people, Roma were slated for extermination, and were to be automatically sentenced to forced labour and imprisonment in a concentration camp or were to be killed on sight. It is believed that 400,000 Roma were killed during Porajmos.

People

Estimates suggest that there are approximately 8 to 10 million Roma worldwide [http://www.un.org/WCAR/e-kit/minority.htm]. It's estimated that between 7 and 10 million Roma live in Europe. The largest concentrations of Roma are found in the Balkan peninsula of southeastern Europe, in central Europe, the United States, South America, and in Russia and the other successor republics of the USSR. Smaller numbers are scattered throughout western Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Countries where Roma populations exceed half a million are Romania, Hungary, the former Yugoslavia, Spain, the United States, Brazil and Argentina. Among other countries where Roma populations are large are Bulgaria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Slovakia. The Roma recognize divisions among themselves with some sense of territoriality, emphasized by certain cultural and dialectal differences. Some authorities delineate four main confederations: # the Kalderash (smiths who came from the Balkans and then went to central Europe and North America and are the most numerous), # the Gitanos (also called Calé, mostly in the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, and southern France; strong in the arts of entertainment), # the Manush (also known as Sinti, mostly in Alsace and other regions of France and Germany; often travelling showmen and circus people), and # the Romnichal (Rom'nies) (mainly in Britain and North America). Each of these main divisions was further divided into two or more subgroups distinguished by occupational specialization or territorial origin, or both. Some of these group names include Machvaya (Machwaya), Lovari, Churari, Sinti, Rudari, Boyash, Ludar, Luri, Xoraxai, Ungaritza, Bashaldé, Ursari and Romungro. A stereotype that Roma people have psychic powers (e.g. fortune-teller) is still sometimes present, and some romantics attribute the invention of the Tarot cards to them. This may reflect the belief that the Roma, being of alleged Egyptian origin, had knowledge of lost arts and sciences of the ancient Egyptians.

Genetics

Studies of Bulgarian, Baltic and Vlax Roma genetics suggest that about 50% of observed Y chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA belong to male haplogroup H and female haplogroup M, respectively; both of which are widespread across South and Central Asia. In summary, males consist in the main of haplogroups H (50%), I (22%) and J2 (14%), Rlb (7%) approx; females H (35%), M (26%), U3 (10%), X (7%), other (20%). Whereas male haplogroup H and female M are rare in non-Roma European populations, the rest are found throughout Europe. However female haplogroups U2i and U7 are almost absent from female Roma, but are present in South Asia (11%-35% approx). Hence, it can be seen that about half of the gene pool of Roma is similar to surrounding European populations. But male Sinti Roma in Central Asia have H (20%), J2 (20%) and a high frequency of R2 (50%) which is found in India, with high frequencies in West Bengal and amongst the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka. The M217 marker, which accounts for about 1.6% of male Roma, is also found in West Bengal (Kivisild (2003) et al). Haplogroups L which accounts for about 10% of NW Indians/Pakistanisi males is absent from Roma ? ( Gresham et al however does not seem to test fo haplogroup L),as it is also from West Bengal and Central Asian Sinti (Kivisild (2003) et al). A search on the Yhrd database however, shows that some Roma populations (in Europe) have considerable percentages of male haplogroup R1a1.Also Yhrd gives few matches with Indo-Pakistani population,however there are a large number of matches on haplogroup H,with Indo-Pakistani of London;a group that has a large immigrant population from Bengal and Southern India. (Source: Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies) David Gresham, Bharti Morar, Peter A. Underhill, et al, Am J Hum (2001); The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity, Wells et al.) See also Indo-Aryan_migration Indo-Aryan_migration [http://www.waimr.uwa.edu.au/etc/subpage.cfm/SID/3/PID/24/SPID/139#Genetics Luba Kalaydjieva's] research has shown that the original group appeared in India some 32-40 generations ago and was small, likely under 1000 people.

Rejection

Because of their nomadic lifestyle and unwillingness to be integrated, there has always been a great deal of mutual distrust between the Roma and their more settled neighbours. They were, and frequently still are, popularly believed to be gypsies, tramps, and thieves unfit for sedentary labour, resulting in a great deal of persecution. This belief is often cited as the etymological source of the term gyp, meaning to "cheat", as in "I got gypped by a con man." However, this etymology is difficult to verify; the Oxford English Dictionary lists this as simply a possible derivation. The German name Zigeuner is often derived through popular etymology from Ziehende Gauner, which means 'travelling thieves'. The Roma have sometimes accepted among themselves outsiders from mainstream society. During the Enlightenment, Spain briefly sought to eliminate the Roma's outsider status, by attempting to forbid the use of the word gitano, and to assimilate the Roma into the mainstream population, by forcing them to abandon their language and way of life. That effort proved unsuccessful. Persecution of Roma reached a peak in World War II, when the Nazis murdered large numbers of Roma. Like Jews, Roma were slated for extermination, and were to be automatically sentenced to forced labour and imprisonment in a concentration camp or were to be killed on sight. It is believed that 400,000 Roma were killed. See Porajmos Where possible, many Roma continue their nomadic lifestyle, travelling in caravans (small trailer homes), but in many situations in Eastern Europe, they live in depressed squatter communities with very high unemployment. In some cases — notably the Kalderash clan in Romania, who work as traditional coppersmiths — they have prospered. To this day, there are still clashes between the Roma and the sedentary population around them. Common complaints are that Roma steal and live off social welfare, and residents often reject Roma encampments. In the UK, travellers (referring to both Irish Travellers and Roma) became a 2005 general election issue, with the leader of the Conservative Party promising to review the Human Rights Act 1998. This law, which absorbs the European Convention on Human Rights into UK primary legislation, is seen by many to permit the granting of retrospective planning permission. Severe population pressures and the paucity of greenfield sites have led to travellers purchasing land, and setting up residential settlements almost overnight, thus subverting the planning restrictions imposed on other local members of the community.

Former communist countries

Many countries, that were formerly part of the Eastern bloc and former Yugoslavia, have substantial populations of Roma. The level of integration of Roma into society remains limited. In these countries, they usually remain on the margins of society, living in isolated ghetto-like settlements (see Chánov). Only a small fraction of Roma children graduate from secondary schools, although during the Communist regime, at least some of the countries in the bloc forced all children to attend school, and provided them with all required basics for free (manuals and the compulsory uniform -- both were provided for all children, not only Roma). Usually they feel rejected by the state and the main population, which creates another obstacle to their integration. According to The Guardian (January 8, 2003): :"In the Czech Republic, 75% of Roma children are educated in schools for people with learning difficulties, and 70% are unemployed (compared with a national rate of 9%). In Hungary, 44% of Roma children are in special schools, while 74% of men and 83% of women are unemployed. In Slovakia, Roma children are 28 times as likely to be sent to a special school than non-Roma; Roma unemployment stands at 80%." [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,870411,00.html] In some countries, dependence on social security systems are part of the problem. For some Roma families, it may be preferable to live on social security, compared to low-paid jobs. That creates many new problems: anger against Roma, conditions that produce crime, and extreme sensitivity to changes in social security. A good example of the last one is Slovakia, where reduction of social security (family is paid allowance only for first three children) led to civil disorder in some Roma villages. In most countries within or approaching the European Union, Roma people can find chances to lead normal lives. Some Roma families integrate better into the larger societies, avoid having unusually many children, and do not depend on social security. Nevertheless, the Roma most visible to the rest of the community are those few that for various reasons, including traditional avoidance of "pollution" by close contact with non-Roma (cultural standards of cleanliness among the Roma state that non-Roma are mahrime, or spiritually unclean, and are therefore avoided for this reason as well as out of fear of persecution), still live in shacks (usually built ad hoc, near railroads) and beg on the streets, perpetuating the bad image of Roma overall. The local authorities tend to try to help such people by improving infrastructure in their settlements and subsidizing families further, but such aid is mostly superficial and insufficient. In June 2004, Lívia Járóka became the second, and only current, Roma Member of the European Parliament when she was elected as part of the list of the right-wing Fidesz Party in Hungary, following that country's accession to the European Union. The first Roma MEP was Juan de Dios Ramirez-Heredia, of Spain. Most Roma abandoned their nomadic way of life long ago, and a good representation of the way of life of Balkan Roma today can be seen in the films of the famous Bosnian director Emir Kusturica. Another problem Roma, and all ethnic groups, face in Europe is the rigidity of the social and economic system, which prevents such groups from integrating. Britain, which is seen as one of the most free-market economies, received initially a large number of Roma from Eastern Europe, probably for this reason. Seven former Communist Central European and Southeastern European states launched the Decade of Roma Inclusion initiative in 2005 to improve the socio-economic conditions and status of the Roma minority.

Roma society

Decade of Roma Inclusion The traditional Roma place a high value on the extended family. Virginity is essential in unmarried women. Both men and women often marry young; there has been controversy in several countries over Roma children getting married under the legal age of consent. Some even parallel Roma arranged marriage practices with slavery. In 2003, one of the many self-styled Roma tribal "kings", Ilie Tortică, banned his subjects from entering their children into marriage until they have come of age. This is seen by some as being in direct conflict with traditional Roma family practices. A rival Roma patriarch, Florin Cioabă, ran afoul of Romanian authorities in late 2003, when he married off his youngest daughter, Ana-Maria, 12 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3168638.stm]. Romany law establishes that the man’s family must pay the dowry to the bride's parents. Romany social behaviour is strictly regulated by purity laws (“marime”), still respected by most Roma (except Muslims) and among Sinti groups by the elder generations. This regulation affects many aspects of life, and is applied to actions, people and things: parts of the human body are considered impure: the genital organs, because they produce impure emissions, and the lower body. Fingernails and toenails must be filed with an emory board, as cutting them with a clipper is taboo. Both clothes for the lower body, and all clothes of menstruating women are washed separately. Items used for eating are also washed in a different place. Childbirth is considered impure, and must occur outside the dwelling place; the mother is considered impure during forty days. Death is seen as impure, as well, and affects the whole family of the dead, who remain impure for a period of time. The dead must be buried, not burned, and subsequently enter Heaven. Religion

It has been suggested that while still in India the Roma people belonged to the Hindu religion, this theory being supported by the Romany word for "cross", trushul, which is the word which describes Shiva's trident. Roma usually have adopted the dominant religion of the host country but often keep their particular ways of believing and worshipping. Most Eastern European Roma are Catholic or Orthodox or, particularly in the Balkans, Muslim. Those in Western Europe and the United States are mostly either Catholic or Protestant. Most in Latin America kept their European religion, most of them being Orthodox. After WWII, a consistent and constantly-growing number of Roma have embraced Evangelical movements, and for the first time in history, Roma have engaged themselves as religious leaders and ministers, creating their own, autonomous churches and missionary organizations. In some countries, the majority of Roma now belong to the Romany churches. This unexpected change, usually hardly criticized by many, has greatly contributed to a better image of Roma in society, as they have begun to perform legitimate work, and obtain legal permits for commercial activities. Evangelical Romany churches exist today in every country where Roma are settled. Particularly strong is the movement in France and Spain (in this latter State, there are more than one thousand Romany churches, known as "Filadelfia", of which almost one hundred are in Madrid alone). In Germany, the most numerous group is that of Polish Roma, having their main church in Mannheim. Other important and numerous Romany assemblies exist in Los Angeles, Houston, Buenos Aires and Mexico. Some groups in Romania and Chile have joined the Seventh-day Adventist Church. In the Balkans, the Roma of Macedonia and Kosovo have been particularly active in Islamic mystical brotherhoods (Sufism). Muslim Roma immigrants to Western Europe and America have brought these traditions with them.

Roma music

In addition to their own Roma music, which is very relevant within the Eastern European folk such as the the Hungarian, Russian and Romanian Zards they have also influenced many of classical musics hyms such as the ones presented by Franz Liszt and Brahms. From the whipping and revengeful gypsy violins or mandolins, plus drums, wooden spoons and cymbalon´s are born the Zards. These are direct relatives of primitive Bolero, Tango, sad Jazz- Country music form. All these rhythms are also brothers of Spanish gypsy Flamenco or Cante Jondo, Mediano or Chico The Roma People that came to the Americas are the central source of many rythms like Salsa, Rumba, Mambo and Guajira from Cuba and Puerto Rico. In South America they are the basis of the peruvian Tondero, Zamacueca and Marinera rythms and dances the coast. Others are Argentinian Tango, Chacarera and Milonga. The united states also enjoys gypsy inspiration in its soulful cowboy Country Music and Mexico is famos for its Charro Music like Mariachi. Roma People were influential in the creation of Hippie-Gypsy Movement Music and Classic Progressive Rock (Uriah Heep, Led Zepplin, Deep Purple etc). Also, European-style jazz is widely practiced by Roma and has always been part of the European Roma; the most famous musician was Django Reinhardt.

Fictional representations of Roma

Notable representations of Roma in fiction include The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo, La Gitanilla by Miguel de Cervantes, Carmen by Georges Bizet or Montoyas y Tarantos by Saura. The Lyre of Orpheus by Robertson Davies features major characters who maintain Gypsy traditions, including the care and repair of musical instruments, in modern Canada. Fires in the Dark by Louise Doughty is a fictionalised account of Roma experience in Central Europe during the Second World War. Canadian contemporary fantasy author Charles de Lint's novel Mulengro presents a portrayal of the Rom and their cultural mythos. Stephen (Barbara) Kyle's novel The Experiment is about an American Roma who is the daughter of a victim of Nazi experimentation.

Groups with similar lifestyles

In Germany and Switzerland, France and Austria there also exist so-called white gypsies which are known under the names of Jenische (German spelling), Yéniche (French spelling), and Yenish or Yeniche (English spellings). Their language seems to be grammatically identical with other (Swiss) German dialects; the origin of the lexicon however, incorporates German, Romany, Yiddish and other words. See: [http://www.thata.ch/jenische.htm Jenische (in German)] In Norway (and to a lesser degree, in Sweden and Denmark) there is a group of people who call themselves Tatere; they are often mistaken to be of the same people as the Romani. The Tater people were often working people, building roads and railways in Norway, Sweden and Denmark, and therefore, have similar traits with the gypsies. Their origin is unknown, and they speak either Norwegian or Swedish. Their name comes from a belief that they were of the nomadic Tartar people. Distinguished Norwegian rocker Åge Aleksandersen is a Tater. There is also a group of people in Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States called Irish Gypsies or Irish Travellers. In Scotland, they are traditionally known as "tinkers", from the Irish "tinceard", meaning "tinsmith"; as this term became a pejorative amongst the settled community, the term Irish Travellers emerged as a more sensitive descriptor. They are not genetically related to the Roma, but their nomadic culture has been influenced by them. Their language, [http://sca.lib.liv.ac.uk/collections/gypsy/travell.htm#Shelta Shelta], is mainly based on an Irish Gaelic lexicon and an English-based grammar, with influence from Romany. The quinqui or mercheros of Spain are a minority group, formerly nomadic, that share a lot of the way of life of Spanish Roma. Their origin is unclear, maybe peasants who lost their land in the 16th century. In spite of sharing persecution and mores with the Roma, the quinqui have often set themselves apart from them.

References

- Gray, RD; Atkinson, QD (2003). "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin." Nature. 426, 435-439. [http://www.psych.auckland.ac.nz/psych/research/Evolution/Gray%26Atkinson2003.pdf]
- Auzias, Claire. Les funambules de l'histoire. Baye: Éditions la Digitale, 2002.
- Genner, Michael. Spartakus, 2 vols. Munich: Trikont, 1979-80.
- Gresham, D; et al. (2001). "Origins and divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)." American Journal of Human Genetics. 69(6), 1314-1331. [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v69_p1314-1331.pdf]
- Luba Kalaydjieva; et al. (2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages." European Journal of Human Genetics. 9, 97-104. [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2001_v9_p97.pdf]
- Achim, Viorel (2004). "The Roma in Romanian History." Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 9639241849.
- McDowell, Bart (1970). "Gypsies, Wanderers of the World". National Geographic Society. ISBN 0870440888.
- "Gypsies, The World's Outsiders." National Geographic, April 2001, 72-101.
- Ringold, Dena. Roma & the Transition in Central & Eastern Europe : Trends & Challenges. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, 2000. pg. 3,5, & 7.
- Roberts, Samuel. The Gypsies: Their Origin, Continuance, and Destination. London: Longman, 4th edition, 1842.
- De Soto, Hermine. Roma and Egyptians in Albania : From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 2005.

- Dazdie
- List of Roma, Sinti and mixed people
- Irish Travellers
- Romany language
- Timeline of Roma history
- Saint Sarah
- Decade of Roma Inclusion
- New Age Travellers
- Museum of Romani Culture

External links

- [http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/patrin.htm Patrin: Romani Culture and History]
- [http://www.vurdon.it/english.htm O Vurdón] -- a site "dedicated to the Roma, the Gypsy people"
- [http://www.thinking-east.net/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=56 The Luli of Uzbekistan (Central Asia Roma)]
- [http://www.rommuz.cz/ Museum of Romani Culture] Museum located in Brno, Czech Republic, dedicated to the history and culture of the people.
- [http://www.romnews.com/ The Rom News Network]
- [http://www.amalipen.net/ Romani (Gypsy) people forum ] Category:Ethnic groups of Europe Category:Eurasian nomads Category:Ethnic groups of Romania Category:Ethnic groups of Bulgaria Category:Ethnic groups of Czech Republic Category:Ethnic groups of Serbia Category:Ethnic groups of Vojvodina Category:Ethnic groups of Montenegro Category:Ethnic groups of Kosovo Category:Ethnic groups of Hungary ja:ロマ ko:로마인

Carmen Amaya

Carmen Amaya (November 2, 1913 - November 19, 1963) was a flamenco dancer and singer, born in the Somorrostro slum of Barcelona, Spain. She was invited by Frankin Delano Roosevelt in the forties to dance in the White House in 1944. Albo by Harry S. Truman in 1953. Amaya is buried in the Cementiri del Sud-Oest on Barcelona's Montjuïc.

External links

- [http://www.esflamenco.com/bio/en10404.html Carmen Amaya Biography and related products.]
- [http://www.omayraamaya.com/carmen_home.html Carmen Amaya description on her grandniece's website.]
- [http://www.flamenco-world.com/artists/amaya/amaya1.htm Excerpt from the book Carmen Amaya, Queen of the Gypsies by Paco Sevilla] Amaya, Carmen Amaya, Carmen Amaya, Carmen Amaya, Carmen Amaya, Carmen Amaya, Carmen

Michelle Branch

Michelle Jacquet DeSevren Branch (born July 2, 1983) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. She has released three albums: Broken Bracelet (2000), The Spirit Room (2001) and Hotel Paper (2003), the latter two of which have been certified platinum by the RIAA.

Biography and music career

She was born 7 weeks premature in Phoenix, Arizona and was named after The Beatles' song "Michelle". Her father is of Irish ancestry and her mother is of Dutch, Indonesian (Javanese), and French ancestry. She has an older half-brother, David, and a younger sister, Nicole. She attended Red Rock High School in Sedona. Branch first wanted to write songs as soon as she hit her teens, beginning to write shortly after that. She asked for—and got—a guitar on her 14th birthday, and later signed up for vocal classes. In high school, she made arts her focus, choosing classes that augmented and enhanced her creativity. All throughout high school Branch was writing extensively—in fact, she claims she wrote Sweet Misery during an algebra class. She never finished high school, opting instead to follow her dreams and become a singer/songwriter. She played clubs for years, releasing Broken Bracelet independently. She was signed to Madonna's record company Maverick while opening for Hanson, signing a record deal in December 2000. Her first major hit, "Everywhere", hit radio in 2001, and was followed by another hit, "All You Wanted", both from her album The Spirit Room which was released August 14 2001. In 2002, she appeared as lead vocalist on Carlos Santana's song "The Game of Love" (not to be confused with the Mindbenders song of the same name). The song went on to win a Grammy Award for best pop collaboration. In 2003 she released her second full-length album Hotel Paper. The first single "Are You Happy Now" again jumped on the top 20 of the Billboard single chart. She gained acclaim alongside such artists as Avril Lavigne and Vanessa Carlton as a young woman performing pop music that was not "bubblegum," or marketed based on the artist's sexy image rather than musical integrity. However, recent steamy photoshoots with magazines like Maxim and Blender have put her previous clean cut, less sexualized image into question, in a fashion broadly reminiscent of fellow American pop stars Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera. Branch is also noted for writing or co-writing all of her songs on her albums. Critics have commended her thoughtful lyrics and interesting guitar chords. Her music influences are The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Aerosmith, Cat Stevens and Joni Mitchell. While her musical tastes lean more toward the classics, she also loves bands like Soundgarden, Stone Temple Pilots, Metallica, and Silverchair, current songwriters like Lisa Loeb and Patty Griffin, and she has also expressed her admiration for classical music. She plays several instruments, including the cello, the guitar, the accordion, the drums, the piano, and the harmonica. She also has absolute pitch. Her nicknames are Meech and Chelle. Her height is 5'6" (1.68m). She currently has eleven tattoos, and she tends to get tattoos whenever something significant happens in her life. She mainly uses Taylor and Gibson guitars. Her favorite is a Taylor 614ce, and she currently uses a Gibson Hummingbird. She owns 14 guitars. She enjoys watching movies and taking photos, among other things, but still says that songwriting is her favorite thing to do. In July, 2005 Branch announced the completion of an album with country singer Jessica Harp. The longtime friends and collaborators dubbed themselves The Wreckers, and created an album combining Michelle's pop-rock influence with Harp's country-folk style. The album was originally due for release in June 2005 but was delayed to early January 2006 due to promotion reasons. A song Branch co-wrote with Harp called "The Good Kind" is currently featured on the original soundtrack of the WB teen drama One Tree Hill. The soundtrack release was followed by a brief appearance on "One Tree Hill" with Harp (playing themselves) and then a month-long tour featuring The Wreckers, Gavin DeGraw, and "One Tree Hill" star Tyler Hilton and Bethany Joy Lenz. Branch made notable guest appearances on other hit television shows including Buffy The Vampire Slayer and American Dreams. On May 23 2004, she married her tour band's bass player, Teddy Landau, who is 19 years older than her, in Mexico. She gave birth to a girl named Owen Isabelle on August 3, 2005. Branch's biggest hits "Everywhere", "All You Wanted", and "Are You Happy Now?" continue to be played in recurrent rotation on CHR and Hot AC playlists today. Michelle helps other artist create hits as she works on her next LP. She helped Mandy Moore with her new album Once Moore, it is still unknown what song she wrote with Mandy. The Wreckers first single from their upcoming album will hopefully be released in January 2006 and the album is expected to be released in March 2006.

Discography

Albums

- Broken Bracelet (2000) (Uncertified)
- The Spirit Room (2001) #28 U.S. (U.S. Certification: Platinum)
- Hotel Paper (2003) #2 (U.S. Certification: Platinum)

Singles

Quotes

- “I have a pirate fetish—I just always thought eye patches were sexy. If you want to get my attention, wear a pirate outfit.” - Maxim
- "I'm not a normal girl, I like shopping for guitars more than clothes."
- "Magazines ask me questions like 'What kind of jeans do you wear?' and I'm like, 'I'm a musician. I wear the same clothes everyday. Can we talk about my guitars now?"
- "My audience is my age, basically, and to have them say 'We're listening to this and we get it' is really cool. They'll grow up when I grow up."
- "Guitars are like shoes. You have to make sure it really fits with you."
- "Oh no, they have no buns, so that means there is no hot dogs! I won't shoot till I get my hot dog."
- "I can't believe some people will think that oh, this girl is going to have brown hair not blonde hair, and she's going to play guitar, and I hope they don't think that because, I really love what I do."
- "Girls come up to me and complain of artists in their videos with perfect bodies and impossible beauty and feel disappointed. Then they look at me and say it's okay, I don't need to be perfect."
- "When I'm having a bad day, I pick up my guitar. Music is my release."

External links

- [http://www.michellebranch.com/ Official site]
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- [http://www.michellebranch.net/ Personal site]
- [http://www.michelle.gl0rify.org/ Michelle J Branch]
- [http://www.thewreckers.com/ The Wreckers] Branch, Michelle Branch, Michelle Branch, Michelle Branch, Michelle Branch, Michelle Branch, Michelle Branch, Michelle Branch, Michelle Branch, Michelle Branch, Michelle Branch, Michelle ja:ミシェル・ブランチ

Georges Cziffra

cover]] Georges (originally György) Cziffra (November 5, 1921–January 17, 1994) was a Hungarian virtuoso pianist. Many of his recordings are regarded as controversial, claimed by some to be showy and unmusical. There is generally little doubt, however, that Cziffra had superior technique and was a master at improvisation. A son of Hungarian Romas (Gypsies) (his father, György Cziffra Sr., was a cimbalom player and played in cabaret halls and restaurants in Paris in the 1910s), born in Budapest, Cziffra became noted at the age of five, improvising on popular tunes in bars and circuses. His teachers at the Franz Liszt Academy included Ernö Dohnányi. An attempted escape from Soviet-dominated Hungary led to imprisonment and forced labour in the period 1950–1953. In 1956, however, after further trials, Cziffra was given permission to go to Vienna — where he commenced his international career — and later to London and France. He always performed with a large leather wristband, as a memento of his years in labour. Georges Cziffra died in Senlis, France, 72 years old, from a heart attack resulting from series of complications from lung cancer due to smoking and alcohol. Cziffra is most known for his extravagant recordings of Franz Liszt's virtuoso works. He also recorded many of Frédéric Chopin's compositions. Cziffra also made a famous transcription of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, written in octaves and chords. Cziffra's son, György Cziffra, Jr., was a professional conductor and participated in several concerts and recordings with his father. However, his promising career was cut short due to his untimely death from a burning accident in his home in 1981, an event that sparked a progressively diminishing morale in Cziffra, Sr. Cziffra never again performed or recorded with an orchestra, and some critics have commented that the severe emotional blow had an impact on his playing quality as well. While many thought that his pianism deteriorated after the death of his son, some felt that his playing was deeper than before.

External links

- [http://users.pandora.be/marcel/ Cziffra fan site]
- [http://www.fondation-cziffra.org Fondation Cziffra] (French) Cziffra, Georges Cziffra, Georges Cziffra, Georges Cziffra ja:ジョルジュ・シフラ

Lola Flores

Lola Flores, born February 21, 1923 in Jerez de la Frontera, Cadiz, Spain - died May 16, 1995, was a singer, dancer, and actress. Born María de los Dolores Flores Ruiz, Lola Flores became a famous dancer and singer of Andalusian folklore at a very young age, featuring in films from 1939 to 1987. Her greatest success was in folklore shows with Manolo Caracol, who was her artistic partner until 1951. In 1958 she married Antonio González el Pescaílla, a guitarist. She had three children: Dolores (singer and actress Lolita Flores); rock musician, singer and actor Antonio Flores; and singer and actress Rosario Flores. Lola Flores died of cancer in 1995 and was interred in the Cementerio de la Almudena in Madrid. Shortly after her death, her distraught 34-year-old son died of a drug overdose and was buried near her. In spite of her frequent casting as a Gitana, she was a gadji. Her husband was an actual Gitano, though. Flores, Lola Flores, Lola Flores, Lola Flores, Lola

Gipsy Kings

The Gipsy Kings are a group from Arles and Montpellier in France. Their ancestors fled from Catalonia in the Spanish Civil War. They are Calé (gypsy) musicians, best known for bringing Rumba Catalana, a pop-oriented version of traditional flamenco music to mainstream audiences, a kind of Rumba Flamenca. They became popular with their album, self titled Gipsy Kings, which included the songs "Djobi Djoba", "Bamboleo" and "Un Amor". The song "Volare" on their second album Mosaique is a rumba version of Domenico Modugno's Italian hit "Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu". The Gipsy Kings were enormously popular in France despite harsh criticism from flamenco purists. Gipsy Kings was successful throughout Europe, especially France and England. In 1989, Gipsy Kings was released in the US and it spent 40 weeks on the charts, one of very few Spanish language albums to do so. Their albums include Gipsy Kings, Estrellas, Mosaique, Love & Liberte, Compas, Este Mundo, Somos Gitanos and Roots. The Gipsy Kings are members of two related families: the Reyes and the Baliardos (Reyes means Kings in Spanish). They are cousins from the flamenco great Manitas de Plata. The Gipsy Kings are:
- Nicolas Reyes - lead vocals
- Pablo Reyes - backup vocals, guitar
- Canut Reyes - backup vocals, guitar
- Patchai Reyes - backup vocals, guitar
- Andre Reyes - guitar
- Diego Baliardo - guitar
- Paco Baliardo - guitar
- Tonino Baliardo - lead guitar Chico Bouchikhi was also a member of the Gipsy Kings, but quit after the album Mosaique.

Danceability

Many songs of Gypsy Kings fit social dances, such as Samba, Salsa and Rumba.

External links

- [http://www.nonesuch.com/Hi_Band/gipsy_frame.html Official homepage] Category:Roma people Category:French musical groups Category:Dance music

Edyta Gorniak

Edyta Górniak (b. November 14, 1972 in Ziebice, Poland) is a female Polish singer. Edyta Górniak, Polish representative at the Eurovision Song Contest 1994, began her career, after she was developed in a Talent-Show in Polish TVP in 1989, in the Musical Metro. In 1993 Edyta took part in the Baltic Song Contest and finished in third place. In 1994 Edyta was the first Polish artist to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest, in which she claimed a highly creditable second place, which still stands as Poland's best showing in the contest. Her song was "To nie ja" (That´s not me), which was also released in English as "Once in a lifetime". "To nie ja" proved to be her breakthrough in Poland. In 1996 she signed a contract in London with EMI Music, including the release of 5 albums. Edyta released her first international album "Edyta Gorniak" in association with the producer Chris Neil. However, the album failed to make a major international impact. In 1999 she began a tour through Poland. Her album "Live´99" was produced during this tour. Edyta´s current single, called "Lunatique" is performed in French.

Discography

- Albums:
- Dotyk (1995 - 8 May)
- Kiss Me, Feel Me (1997 - 7 November) Japan
- Edyta Górniak (1997 - 10 November)
- Edyta Górniak special edition (1997 - 22 December)
- Live '99 (1999 - 25 September)
- Perła (2002 - 9 March)
- Perła special edition (2003 - 22 February)
- Invisible (2003 - 31 March)
- Dotyk - Złota Kolekcja (2004 - 22 March)

External links

- [http://www.edyta.net Edyta.net - Official Website (Under Construction)]
- [http://www.edyta.za.pl Edyta Gorniak - Fansite]
- [http://www.edytagorniak.pl Edyta-Forum]
- [http://www.edyta.info.ms Edyta.info.ms - Fansite]
- [http://www.egorniak.bighost.pl Edyta Gorniak Collection] : Gorniak, Edyta Gorniak, Edyta Gorniak, Edyta

Andy McCoy

Andy McCoy, alias Antti Hulkko (born October 11, 1962), is a Finnish musician. He was born in Pelkosenniemi, Finland. He is the lead guitarist of Hanoi Rocks. In 1980 Andy joined a Finnish punk rock band Pelle Miljoona and played on their hit album Moottoritie On Kuuma. In 1981 he quit from the band and went on to start Hanoi Rocks. After Hanoi Rocks broke up he played in various bands, including Cherry Bombz, the Suicide Twins, Iggy Pop's touring band, and the Shooting Gallery, before finally deciding to go solo. Andy's eccentric lifestyle has been documented in the film The Real McCoy, which had its world premiere in 1999 in the Gothenbourg film-festival in Sweden. Also, following the success of the MTV show The Osbournes, a Finnish TV channel aired a reality TV-show about the day to day life of Andy and his wife Angela. MacCoy, Andy MacCoy, Andy

Carlos Montoya

Carlos Montoya (13 December 1903 - 3 March 1993) was a prominent Flamenco guitarist. Born in Madrid, Spain, Montoya elevated the art of flamenco from the café cantantés of Madrid to well-respected concert halls across the world. The nephew of Ramón Montoya, he started accompanying dancers and singers at the age of 14. In the 1920s and 1930s he performed extensively in Europe, North America, and Asia. The outbreak of World War II brought him to the United States where he toured with the dancer La Argentina. Settling in New York City, he began touring on his own, bringing his fiery style to concert halls, universities, and orchestras. Montoya's playing style was idiosyncratic. He once said, according to Brook Zern, "I do not play the way I do to please the public, though it certainly does, on five continents so far, and no other flamenco guitarist will ever fill the Houston Astrodome as I have. No, I play the way I do because to me, that is exactly the way the flamenco guitar should sound. It seems strange to me that the unknowing public should agree, while the real flamenco aficionados clearly do not...but that's the case." It was not particularly appreciated by serious flamenco students, who considered it less brilliant than many others, including Montoya's uncle Ramon. Perhaps Carlos deliberately rejected his uncle's guitar innovations because his uncle had rejected Carlos as a student. Montoya's own favorite flamenco guitarist, it was reported by Zern, was the obscure Currito de la Geroma. It can be fairly said that Carlos Montoya, blending flamenco with American jazz, folk, and country, single-handedly (his legendary legato) made the flamenco guitar into a solo musical instrument and is therefore the musical father of today's Ottmar Liebert, who blends flamenco with New Age and other styles, drawing large American audiences. Other modern guitar virtuosos such as Stevie Ray Vaughan have used Montoya-like legatos, as seen on his "Live at the el Mocambo" DVD. Montoya died in Wainscott, New York in 1993, at the age of 89. Montoya, Carlos Montoya, Carlos Montoya, Carlos

Ivo Papasov

Ivo Papasov is a Bulgarian clarinetist, born in 1952 in Kurdzhali, Bulgaria. He leads the Ivo Papasov Wedding Band in performances of jazz-inspired Stambolovo music. He is a big star in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, legendary for his all-night performances as well has his incredible speed and dexterity. After getting a deal with Hannibal Records he began to be more well known internationally.

External links

- [http://www.creative-music-of-east-europe.com/folk04en.htm Short biography] Papasov, Ivo Category:Clarinetists Category:Bulgarian musicians

Django Reinhardt

Jean Baptiste "Django" Reinhardt (January 23, 1910 – May 16, 1953) was a Belgian Gypsy jazz musician. He was the very first important jazz musician who was born in Europe. His most renowned tunes include Minor Swing, Tears, Belleville and Nuages (French, meaning "Clouds"). Django is pronounced zhane-go (with a long 'a').

Biography

Born in Liberchies, Pont-à-Celles, Belgium, Reinhardt spent most of his youth in gypsy encampments close to Paris, France, playing banjo, guitar and violin from an early age professionally at dance halls in Paris. He started first on the violin and eventually moved on to a banjo-guitar that had been given to him, and his first known recordings (in 1928) were with him playing the banjo (a banjo guitar has six strings and is tuned like a guitar). guitar At the age of 18, Reinhardt was injured in a fire that ravaged the caravan he shared with his first wife. The third and fourth digits on his left hand (his fretting hand) were burned so badly they were fused together, and although the doctors succeeded in separating the fingers, they were of diminished use to him in his future guitar playing (Acker Bilk was another musician whose dexterity seemed unimpaired by finger-damage as was Tony Iommi of Black Sabbath and Jerry Garcia of The Grateful Dead). Determined to keep playing, Reinhardt focused on the guitar and developed an original style of playing that emphasized his undamaged fingers. In 1934, he formed the "Quintette du Hot Club de France" with violinist Stéphane Grappelli, Reinhardt's brother Joseph and Roger Chaput on guitar, and Louis Vola on bass. He produced numerous recordings at this time, and played with many American musicians, like Coleman Hawkins, Benny Carter and Rex Stewart. As World War II was declared, the quintet was on tour in the United Kingdom. Reinhardt returned to Paris at once, leaving his wife behind. Grappelli remained in the United Kingdom for the duration of the war, and Reinhardt reformed the quintet in Paris with Hubert Rostaing on clarinet in place of Grappelli's violin. Reinhardt survived World War II unscathed, unlike many other gypsies who perished in the concentration death camps of the Nazis. He had the help of a Luftwaffe official named Dietrich Schultz-Kohn, a.k.a. Doktor Jazz, who deeply admired his music. In 1943 he married Sophie Ziegler, with whom he had a son, Babik Reinhardt, who went on to become a respected guitarist in his own right. After the war, Reinhardt rejoined Grappelli in the UK, and went on to tour the United States, opening for Duke Ellington, and playing at Carnegie Hall, as well as making more recordings. Django Reinhardt was then among the first people in France to appreciate and understand the music of Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie (he sought after them when he first arrived in New York). He integrated some elements of their music, still never compromising his own musical visions. He consequently formed a new band with saxophone, trumpet, piano, bass and drums, keeping composing outstanding tunes and remaining as the most advanced guitar player of jazz music. In 1951, he retired to Samois sur Seine in France, near Fontainebleau, and lived there for two years until, on the morning of May 16, 1953, he came back walking from the Avon train station, after a long sleepless night and collapsed outside of his house from a brain hemorrhage. He was declared dead on arrival at the hospital in Fontainebleau. Django is arguably the greatest guitarist who ever lived (Dregni, Michael. Django, The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend. Oxford University.2004)

Tributes

Just before Christmas 1954, the Modern Jazz Quartet recorded pianist John Lewis' tribute, simply titled "Django". This elegant lament became an oft-recorded jazz classic. In 1971, Stéphane Grappelli teamed up with Belgian guitarist Phillip Catherine and Danish bass player Niels Henning Oersted-Pedersen to record a tribute titled "Young Django", a reference to the nickname given to the virtuoso Catherine. The 1990s Austin, Texas swing jazz band 8½ Souvenirs played many Django Reinhardt songs including Minor Swing, Blues en Mineur, and Heavy Artillery in addition to original songs and other jazz covers.

Trivia

- Reinhardt is portrayed in the opening sequence of the 2003 cartoon Les Triplettes de Belleville, playing a mean guitar with his three fingers and puffing cigarette smoke out of his ears. He is also portrayed by guitarist John Jorgenson in the movie Head in the Clouds.
- Reinhardt is the idol of the fictional 1930's guitarist, Emmet Ray, in the Woody Allen film Sweet and Lowdown (1999).
- The song Johnny Depp plays in the river party scene in Lasse Hallström's Chocolat was Django and Grapelli's great hit, "Minor Swing".
- Django's "Minor Swing" can also be be heard in the background during the oracle scene in The Matrix.
- Djangos compositions Rhythm Futur (95 minute mark) and I Cant Give You Anything But Love (41 minute mark) are both portrayed in the movie The Aviator.
- His song Nuages is also in the movie Gattaca during a scene where Ethan Hawke demonstrates the clouds of Titan in a wine glass using smoke from his cigar.
- The Beatles tune Piggies allegedly steals a melody from Grappelli's "Eveline" as recorded by Django.
- Jimi Hendrix listened to Django Reinhardt and consequently called his band "Band of Gypsies"
- Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi was inspired by Reinhardt to keep playing guitar after an accident which cost him his fingertips.
- BB King mentioned Django Reinhardt as one of his main influences.
- Also Carlos Santana and Woody Allen are fans of Django's music.
- The Allman Brothers Band song Jessica was written by guitarist Dickey Betts in tribute to Reinhardt. He wanted to write a song that could be played using only two fingers.
- The Django web framework, a Python project that encourages clean and rapid web development, was named after Reinhardt.
- Famed classical guitarist Julian Bream began playing guitar as a result of hearing Reinhardt.

Discography

Releases
- 2004 Le Génie Vagabond
- 2003 Jazz in Paris: Nuits de Saint-Germain des-Prés
- 2003 Jazz in Paris: Nuages
- 2001 All Star Sessions
- 1996 Imagine
- 1959 Django Reinhardt and His Rhythm
- 1955 Django's Guitar
- 1954 The Great Artistry of Django Reinhardt
- 1953 Django Reinhardt et Ses Rythmes
- 1951 At Club St. Germain
- 1951 Django Reinhardt and the Hot Club Quintet
- 1945 Paris 1945 Compilations
- Rétrospective Django Reinhardt 1934/53 (probably the most complete one)
- The Django -- The Unforgettable
- Django Reinhardt [Forlane]
- Stardust Records Presents Django Reinhardt: Anthology 1934-1937
- Django
- The Art of Django
- Quintet of the Hot Club of France [GNP]
- Vol. 6: Nuages
- Django Reinhardt and the Quintet
- Django, Vol. 2 [ITI]
- Djangologie/USA, Vols. 3 & 4

Compositions

A list of tunes composed by Django Reinhardt himself. #Anouman #Appel Indirect #Are you in the Mood+ #Babik #Belleville #Black and White+ #Black Night #
- Diminushing #
- Diminushing Blackness #Blues #Blues Clair #Blues d’Autrefois #Blues en Mineur #Blues for Barclay #Blues for Ike #Blues Riff #Boléro #Boogie Woogie #Bricktop+ #Cavalerie #Chez Jacquet++++ #Choti++++ #Christmas Swing #Crépuscule #D.R.Blues #Daphné #Del Salle #Deccaphonie #Diminushing Blackness #Dinette #Djalamichto++++ #Djangology+ #Django Rag #Django’s Blues #Django’s Tiger+ #Double Whiskey #Douce Ambiance #Duke and Dukie #Echoes of Spain #En Verdine++++ #Fantaisie (from Danse Norvegienne) #Fat #Féerie #Festival 48 #Fiddle Blues #Fleche d’Or #Fleur d’Ennui #Folie à Amphion #Gagoug++++ #Gaiement #Gypsy with a Song Pt1 & Pt2 #HCQ Strut+ #Hungaria+++ #Impromptu #Improvisation #1-6 #Just For Fun #Lentement Madamoiselle #Mabel #Mano #Manoir de mes rêves #
- Django's Castle #
- Castle of My Dreams #Mélodie au crépuscule++ #
- Love's melody #Micro #
- Mike #
- Swing Dynamique #Minor Blues #Moppin' The Bride+ #
- Danse nuptiale #Minor Swing+ #
- No Name Blues #Montagne Saint Genevieve++++ #My Serenade #Mystery Pacific #Naguine #Nocturne+ #Nuages #Nuits de Saint-Germain-des-Prés #Nymphéas #Oiseaux des iles #Oriental Shuffle+ #Oubli #Paramount Stomp #Parfum #Pêche à la Mouche #Place de Brouckère #Porto Cabello #Pour que Ma Vie Demeure #R-26+ #Rhythme Futur #Souvenirs+ #Spivy+ #
- Speevy #Stéphane's Blues #Stockholm #Stompin’ at Decca+ #Sweet Chorus
- #Swing 39+ #Swing 41 #Swing 42 #Swing 48 #Swing de Paris+ #
- Swing From Paris #Swing Guitars+ #Swinging With Django #Swingtime in Springtime #Tears+ #This Kind of Friend #Troublant Boléro #Twelfth Year #Two Improvised Guitar Choruses #Ultrafox #Vamp #Vendredi 13 #Vette #Webster + By Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grapelli. ++ Always credited to DR but actually written by Joseph Reinhardt +++ The melody of this tune came from a pop song the name of which I can’t remember ++++ Tunes that Django may have authored

External links

- [http://www.djangostation.com All information relating to Django reinhardt and Jazz manouch (in French)]
- [http://www.djangobooks.com Django Reinhardt / Gypsy Jazz resources]
- [http://www.gainsbourg.org/vrsn3/html/zooms/djangoreinhardt/ A Tribute to Gainsbourg, zoom sur Django Reinhardt]
- [http://www.jazzguitar.be/django_reinhardt_licks.html Django Reinhardt guitar tab]
- [http://hotclub.co.uk HotClub UK Forum]
- [http://www.redhotjazz.com/django.html A biography]
- [http://www.newyorker.com/critics/books/?041206crbo_books A long review by Adam Gopnik of Michael Dregni’s biography, “Django: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend”]
- [http://www.guitar-poll.com/DR.php Guitar-Poll] Reinhardt, Django Reinhardt, Django Reinhardt, Django Reinhardt, Django Reinhardt, Django Reinhardt, Django

Taraful Haiducilor

Taraful Haiducilor (a.k.a. Taraf de Haïdouks) are a troupe of Romanian Roma musicians, from the town of Clejani, the most prominent such group in Romania in the post-Communist Era. They are known in their native Romania as "Taraful Haiducilor". Roughly, this means "gang of thieves", but "taraf" is also the traditional name for a group of lăutari (traditional Romanian Gypsy musicians). "Haiduc" or "haiduk" is a word of Turkish origin which means "bandit"; in Romanian it has a rustic or archaic connotation. Most of those who know the band in the Western world know them by way of French-speaking areas, where they are known as "Taraf de Haïdouks", since French lacks a genitive case. The group formed in 1989, shortly before the death of dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu. The original group encompassed about a dozen musicians; later configurations were to include as many as thirty. Early contacts in the West included Swiss ethnomusicologist Laurent Aubert and Belgian musician Stéphane Karo.

Members

Some of the core members of the group:
- Nicolae Neacşu ("Culai"), violin and vocals, died December 2002
- Dumitru Baicu ("Cacurică"), cymbalum
- Ilie Iorga, vocals, actually from Mârşă near Clejani
- Ion Manole ("Şaică" or "Boşorogu"), violin, vocals
- Gheorghe Anghel ("Caliu"), violin
- Gheorghe Fălcaru ("Fluierici") flute, double bass Other members and collaborators
- Constantin Sandu ("Dinu"): cymbalum, vocals
- Florea Pârvan: double bass
- Marin Sandu:("Ţagoe"): double bass

Albums

Commercially released

- "Musiques de tsiganes de Roumanie" (1991)
- "Honourable Brigands, Magic Horses And Evil Eye" (1994)
- "Gypsy Music from Romania" (1994)
- "Dumbala Dumba" (1998)
- "Band of Gypsies" (2001)

Non-commercially released

Before the Haïdouks organized themselves as a group, many of them were recorded on an ethnomusicological album:
- "Musique des Tsiganes de Valachie; les lăutari de Clejani" (1988) The following albums were produced by Fundaţia Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcas in Bucharest, in association with Euroart, the cultural fund of the Department for European Integration of the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs of Romania.
- "The End of the Millenium [sic] in the Romanian Village" / "Fin de Millénaire dans le Village Roumain" / "Sfârşit de mileniu în satul Românesc", a collection of recordings 1989-1997, released 2000, liner notes in English, French, and Romanian. Only some of the musicians on these recordings are affiliated with the taraf, but several, even from other villages, have toured with them.
- "Outlaws of Yore" / "Les 'Haïdouks' d'Autrefois", two volumes (labeled "I" and "II"), recorded at the Museum of the Romanian Peasant, Bucharest, March 1991, released 2001, liner notes in English and French.

Books

Hopa, tropa, Europa (Hop and trot around Europe) by Speranţa Rădulescu, (Museum of the Romanian Peasant, 1992) describes the group's first European tour.

References

Liner notes of "Outlaws of Yore"

External link

- [http://www.miscarea.com/taraful-haiducilor.htm Unofficial site with sound recordings] Category:Romanian musical groups Category:Roma people Category:Roma music

Ion Voicu

Ion Voicu is a Romanian violinist and orchestral conductor. In 1969 he founded the award-winning Bucharest Chamber Orchestra, which is now conducted by his son Madalin Voicu.

Joe Zawinul

Josef Erich Zawinul (born July 7, 1932 in Vienna, Austria) is a jazz keyboardist and composer. He is one of the front runners in the development of jazz fusion along with Chick Corea, John McLaughlin and Miles Davis. Best known as the founder of the band Weather Report, with Wayne Shorter, he currently heads the ensemble called the Zawinul Syndicate. Zawinul, along with Corea, was one of the first to integrate electric pianos and early synthesizers such as Bob Moog's minimoog into jazz. He is still a prominent artist and composer in the jazz community. During a nine-year stint on keyboard with the Cannonball Adderley Quintet, Zawinul wrote the hit "Mercy, Mercy, Mercy." He also composed "Walk Tall" and "Country Preacher," the latter a tribute to U.S. Civil Rights Movement leader Rev. Jesse Jackson. In this title cut to the quintet's popular 1969 album release, Austrian-born Zawinul demonstrated a sophisticated and intimate understanding of the African/African-American concept of cool, of motion and interval. When "Country Preacher" debuted at a live recording session in Chicago at Jackson's Operation Breadbasket, it elicited enthusiastic cheers of immediate recognition from the mostly African-American audience. In the late 60s Zawinul joined Miles Davis's band and helped create the sound of the new Jazz fusion. Among others he played on the album In a Silent Way, the title track of which he composed, and the landmark album Bitches Brew. Zawinul's biggest commercial success came from his composition Birdland, a 6-minute opus featured on Weather Report's 1977 album Heavy Weather. Birdland is one of the most recognizable jazz pieces of the '70s, covered by many prominent artists from The Manhattan Transfer to Maynard Ferguson. Even Weather Report's version received significant mainstream radio airplay — unusual for them — and served to convert many new fans to music which they may never have heard otherwise.

Trivia

Zawinul grew up in Landstraße, Vienna, where he went to school with the late former Austrian Federal President Thomas Klestil. Zawinul emigrated to the United States in the late 1950s. Brian Eno's instrumental "Zawinul/Lava" is named in his honour. John McLaughlin's instrumental "Jozy" is also a tribute to Zawinul.

External links

- [http://www.zawinulsyndicate.com Official Joe Zawinul website]
- [http://www.binkie.net/zawinul/ Zawinul Online]
- [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/default.asp?oid=7470 Rolling Stone's Joe Zawinul Page]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/jazz/profiles/joe_zawinul.shtml BBC's Profile of Joe Zawinul]
- [http://www.zawinulfans.org/ Interviews with Joe Zawinul]
- [http://www.streitner.com/2004-Archive/2004-18/ Pictures of Joe Zawinul & the Syndicate at his club "Birdland" in Vienna, Austria - by JM Streitner] Zawinul,Joe Zawinul,Joe Zawinul, Joe

David Essex

] David Essex (born July 23, 1947) is a British actor and singer who has enjoyed a varied career. Born in London, real name David Cook, he failed in his first attempts at stardom. His big break came when he was selected to play the lead in the musical Godspell in 1971. It took a couple of years for his career to take off, which it did with his appearance in the film That'll Be The Day (1973) and a major hit, "Rock On" (which he wrote himself), in the same year. A second single, "Lamplight," also reached the British Top 10, establishing him as a major U.K. celebrity. In the '70s, Essex emerged as one of England's top performers. His biggest hits during this decade including a pair of No. 1 singles: "Gonna Make You a Star" (1974), a satirical look at his success, and "Hold Me Close" (1975), a cheerful sing-along. He also appeared in Stardust, a 1974 sequel to That'll Be The Day; the title song was another Top 10 hit. Essex's pop idol looks gave him a strong female fan base and his British tours created scenes of hysteria reminiscent of Beatlemania. In 1978, he appeared on the Jeff Wayne concept album adaptation of H.G. Wells's The War of the Worlds as the Artilleryman. The two-album set was a bestseller. In 1978, Essex was Che in the original production of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Evita, and his recording of the show's "Oh What a Circus" reached No. 3. Two years later, he starred in the film Silver Dream Racer; the soundtrack song "Silver Dream Machine" was yet another Top 10 hit. In 1985, he wrote and starred as Fletcher Christian in the West End musical Mutiny! The show was based on the Mutiny on the Bounty story. The score produced two hit singles, including "Tahiti," his 10th Top 10 single in England. Essex has continued to perform in all areas of show business, to varying degrees of success. A 1988 sitcom, "The River," achieved good ratings. In 1991, a compilation titled His Greatest Hits reached No. 13; a 1993 album, Cover Shot, peaked at No. 3. His autobiography, A Charmed Life, was published in 2002. It, too, became a bestseller. In 1999, Essex was named an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He still tours England on a yearly basis and releases albums through his Web site. Surprisingly, despite his long and thriving British career, he remains largely unknown in the United States. "Rock On" reached No. 5 in 1974, his only American hit. Essex was to have joined the cast of soap opera EastEnders in early 2006 as new character Jack Edwards. However, the role was expanded beyond the three weeks planned and Essex was unable to commit the time.

External link

[http://www.davidessex.com/ Official David Essex Web Site] Essex, David Essex

Charlie Chaplin

For the Jamaican musician named Charlie Chaplin, see Charlie Chaplin (singer); for the artist and printmaker, see Charles Chaplin (artist). Charles Chaplin (artist) Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, (16 April, 1889 – 25 December, 1977) was a British born, later American naturalized, actor, the most famous actor in early to mid Hollywood cinema era, and also a notable director. His principal character was "The Tramp": a vagrant with the refined manners and dignity of a gentleman who wears a tight coat, oversized pants and shoes, a derby or bowler hat, a bamboo cane, and his signature square mustache. Chaplin was one of the most creative personalities in the silent film era; he acted in, directed, scripted, produced, and eventually scored his own films. He also composed the music for some of his films. silent film

Biography

Early Childhood

He was born in Walworth, London, England to Charles Chaplin, Sr. and Hannah Harriette Hill, both Music Hall entertainers. His parents separated soon after his birth, leaving him in the care of his increasingly unstable mother. In 1896, she was unable to find work; Charlie and his older half-brother Sydney had to be left in the workhouse at Lambeth, moving after several weeks to Hanwell School for Orphans and Destitute Children. His father died an alcoholic when Charlie was 12, and his mother suffered a mental breakdown, and was eventually admitted to the Cane Hill Asylum at Coulsdon, near Croydon. She died in 1928. Charlie first took to the stage when, aged 5, he performed in Music Hall in 1894, standing in for his mother. As a child, he was confined to a bed for weeks due to a serious illness, and, at night, his mother would sit at the window and act out what was going on outside. In 1900, aged 11, his brother helped get him the role of a comic cat in the pantomime Cinderella at the London Hippodrome. In 1903 he appeared in Jim, A Romance of Cockayne, followed by his first regular job, as the newspaper boy Billy in Sherlock Holmes, a part he played into 1906. This was followed by Casey's Court Circus variety show, and, the following year, he became a clown in Fred Karno's Fun Factory slapstick comedy company.

Move to America

According to immigration records, he arrived in the USA with the Karno troupe on October 2, 1912. In the Karno Company was Arthur Stanley Jefferson, who would later become known as Stan Laurel. Chaplin and Laurel wound up sharing a room in a boarding house. Stan Laurel returned to England but Chaplin remained in the USA. His act was seen by film producer Mack Sennett, who hired him for his studio, the Keystone Film Company. While Chaplin initially had difficulty adjusting to the Keystone style of film acting, he soon adapted and flourished in the medium. This was made possible in part by Chaplin developing his signature Tramp persona, and by eventually earning directorship and creative control over his films, which enabled him to become Keystone's top star and talent. His salary history suggests how rapidly he became world famous, and the skill of his brother, Sydney, at being his business manager.
- 1914: Keystone, worked for $150 a week
- 1914-1915: Essanay Studios, of Chicago, Illinois, $1250 a week, plus $10,000 signing bonus
- 1916-1917: Mutual, $10,000 a week, plus $150,000 signing bonus
- 1917: First National, $1 million deal — the first actor ever to earn that sum. He also formed his own independent production company, the Charles Chaplin Film Corporation, which made him a very wealthy man. Chaplin became a naturalised American in 1917. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10594/10594-h/10594-h.htm]

Chaplin as Auteur

Chaplin built his own Hollywood studio in 1918, and assumed an unparalleled degree of artistic and financial independence over his productions. Using this independence, over the next 35 years he created a remarkable, timeless body of work that remains entertaining and influential. These include comedy shorts (such as A Dog's Life (1918) and Pay Day (1922)), longer films (Shoulder Arms (1918) and The Pilgrim (1923)), and his great silent feature length films: The Kid (1921), A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928). After the arrival of sound films, he made City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936), essentially silent films scored with his own music and sound effects. His dialogue films made in Hollywood were The Great Dictator (1940), Monsieur Verdoux (1947), and Limelight (1952). Limelight While Modern Times (1936) is a non-talkie, it does contain talk -- usually coming from inanimate objects such as a radio or a TV monitor. This was done to help 1930s audiences, who were out of the habit of watching silent films, adjust to not hearing dialogue. Chaplin being observed by his boss while sneaking a smoke in the bathroom adumbrated George Orwell's "Big Brother" by more than a decade, and might have inspired it. Modern Times is the first film where Chaplin's voice is heard (in the nonsense song at the end). However, for most viewers it is still considered a silent film, and a fitting coda to the silent era of American film. In 1919 he founded the United Artists film distribution company with Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith, and served on the board of UA until the early 1950's. Although "talkies" became the dominant mode of moviemaking soon after they were introduced in 1927, Chaplin resisted making a talkie all through the 1930s. It is a tribute to Chaplin's versatility that he also has one film credit for choreography for the 1952 film Limelight, and one credit as a singer for the title music of the 1928 film The Circus. The best-known of several songs he composed are "Smile", famously covered by Nat King Cole, among others, and the theme from Limelight, which won a belated Oscar for best film score in 1973.
Limelight His first dialogue picture, The Great Dictator (1940) was an act of defiance against Adolf Hitler and fascism, filmed and released in the United States one year before it abandoned its policy of isolationism to enter World War II. Chaplin played a fascist dictator clearly modeled on Hitler (also with a certain physical likeness), as well as a Jewish barber cruelly persecuted by the Nazis. Hitler, who was a great fan of movies, is known to have seen the film twice (records were kept of movies ordered for his personal theater). After the war and the uncovering of the Holocaust, Chaplin stated that he would not have been able to make such jokes about the Nazi regime had he known about the actual extent of the genocide. the Holocaust

Chaplin's Politics

Chaplin's political sympathies always lay with the left. His politics seem tame by modern standards, but after the 1940's his views (in conjunction with his influence and fame) were seen by many as dangerously radical. His silent films made prior to the Great Depression typically did not contain overt political themes or messages, apart from the Tramp's plight in poverty and his run ins with the law. But his films made in the 1930's were more openly political. Modern Times (1936) depicts the dismal situation of workers and the poor in industrial society. The final dramatic speech in his 1940 film The Great Dictator, which was critical of patriotic nationalism, was highly controversial, as was his vocal public support for the opening of a second European front in 1942 to assist the Soviet Union in World War II. The critical view of capitalism in his 1947 black comedy Monsieur Verdoux was hugely controversial, with the film being protested at many US cities. Monsieur Verdoux Although Chaplin had his major successes in the United States and was a resident from 1914 to 1952, he retained his British nationality. During the era of McCarthyism, Chaplin was accused of "un-American activities" as a suspected communist; and J. Edgar Hoover, who had instructed the FBI to keep extensive files on him, tried to end his United States residency. FBI" (1921)]] In 1952, Chaplin left the US for a trip to England; Hoover learned of it and negotiated with the INS to revoke his re-entry permit. Chaplin then decided to stay in Europe, and made his home in Vevey, Switzerland. He briefly returned to the United States in April 1972, with his wife to receive an Honorary Oscar.

Chaplin: The Later Years

Chaplin won the honorary Oscar twice. When the first Oscars were awarded on May 16, 1929, the voting audit procedures that now exist had not yet been put into place, and the categories were still very fluid. Chaplin had originally been nominated for both Best Actor and and Best Comedy Directing for his movie The Circus, but his name was withdrawn and the Academy decided to give him a special award "for versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing and producing The Circus" instead. The other film to receive a special award that year was The Jazz Singer. Chaplin's second honorary award came 44 years later in 1972, and was for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century". He came out of his exile and collected his award less than a month before the death of J. Edgar Hoover. Upon receiving the award, Chaplin received the longest standing ovation in Academy Award history, lasting a full five minutes from the delighted, enthralled star-studded studio audience. Chaplin was also nominated without success for Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Original Screenplay for The Great Dictator, and again for Best Original Screenplay for Monsieur Verdoux (1947). In 1973, he received an Oscar for the Best Music in an Original Dramatic Score for the 1952 film Limelight, which co-starred Claire Bloom. The film also features a cameo with Buster Keaton, which was the first and last time the two great comedians ever appeared together. Because of Chaplin's difficulties with McCarthyism, the film did not open in Los Angeles when it was first produced. This criterion for nomination was not fulfilled until 1972. His final films were A King in New York (1957) and A Countess From Hong Kong (1967), starring Sophia Loren and Marlon Brando.

Private life

Chaplin's professional successes were repeatedly overshadowed by his private life, particularly with regard to his politics and his pattern of relationship with young women. On October 23, 1918, the 28 year old Chaplin married the 16-year-old Mildred Harris. They had one child, Norman Spencer Chaplin, who died in infancy; they divorced in 1920. At 35, he became involved with 16-year-old Lita Grey during preparations for The Gold Rush. They married on November 26, 1924 after she became pregnant. They had two sons, the actors Charles Chaplin Jr. (1925-1968) and Sydney Earle Chaplin. Their extraordinarily bitter divorce in 1928 had Chaplin paying Grey a then-record-breaking $825,000 settlement. The stress of the sensational divorce, compounded by a tax dispute, allegedly turned his hair white. The publication of court records, which included many intimate details, led to a campaign against him. Chaplin and actress Paulette Goddard were involved in a romantic and professional relationship between 1932 and 1940, with Goddard living with Chaplin in his Beverly Hills home for most of this time. After the relationship ended, Chaplin made public statements that they had been secretly married in 1936, but in private he claimed they were in fact never officially married. In any case, their common-law marriage ended amicably in 1942, with Goddard being granted a divorce and settlement. Afterwards, Chaplin briefly dated actress Joan Barry, but ended it when she started harrassing him and displaying signs of severe mental illness. In May 1943, she filed a paternity suit against him. Blood tests proved Chaplin was not the father, but as blood tests were inadmissible evidence in court, he was ordered to pay $75 a week until the child turned 21. Shortly thereafter, he met Oona O'Neill, daughter of Eugene O'Neill, and married her on June 16, 1943. He was 54; she was 17. This marriage was a long and happy one, with eight children. They had three sons Christopher Chaplin, Eugene Chaplin and Michael Chaplin and five daughters Geraldine Chaplin, Josephine Chaplin, Jane Chaplin, Victoria Chaplin and Annette-Emilie Chaplin. Annette-Emilie Chaplin In April 1972, Chaplin returned to America to accept an Honorary Academy Award. The presentation is remembered as one of the emotional highlights in all of Academy Award history. Chaplin's weeklong return visit to the US, his last, also included numerous honors in both New York and Los Angeles. On March 4, 1975 he was knighted as a Knight of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II. The honour was first proposed in 1956, but vetoed by the British Foreign Office on the grounds that he sympathized with the left and that it would damage British relations with the United States, at the height of the Cold War and with planning for the ill-fated invasion of Suez underway. Chaplin died on Christmas Day, 1977 in Vevey, Switzerland, following a stroke, aged 88, and was interred in Corsier-Sur-Vevey Cemetery in Corsier-Sur-Vevey, Vaud. On 1 March, 1978, his body was stolen in an attempt to extort money from his family. The plot failed. The robbers were captured, and the body was recovered 11 weeks later near Lake Geneva. There is a statue of Chaplin in front of the alimentarium in Vevey to commemorate the last part of his life. Amongst his many honours, Chaplin has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and in 1985 he was honoured with his image on a postage stamp of the United Kingdom and in 1994 he appeared on a United States postage stamp designed by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld. In 1992 a film was made about his life entitled Chaplin, directed by Oscar-winner Sir Richard Attenborough, and starring Robert Downey Jr., Dan Aykroyd, Geraldine Chaplin (Charlie's daughter, portraying Charlie's mother, her own grandmother), Sir Anthony Hopkins, Milla Jovovich, Moira Kelly, Kevin Kline, Diane Lane, Penelope Ann Miller, Paul Rhys, Marisa Tomei, Nancy Travis, and James Woods. In a 2005 poll to find The Comedian's Comedian, he was voted among the top 20 greatest comedy acts ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. All his life, Chaplin was known to be an avowed atheist. He had nothing but contempt for any form of religion. He once joked, "I would love to play the part of Jesus! I fit it perfectly because I am a comedian".

Media

Trivia

- Charlie Chaplin once won third prize in a Charlie Chaplin look-alike contest.
- His daughter, actress Geraldine Chaplin, played her own grandmother, Hannah Chaplin, in Richard Attenborough's 1992 film "Chaplin"

Filmography

Short films as actor

- 1914
- Between Showers
- A Busy Day
- Caught in a Cabaret
- Caught in the Rain
- Cruel, Cruel Love
- Dough and Dynamite
- The Face on the Bar Room Floor
- The Fatal Mallet
- A Film Johnnie
- Gentlemen of Nerve
- Getting Acquainted
- Her Friend the Bandit
- His Favorite Pastime
- His Musical Career
- His New Profession
- His Prehistoric Past
- His Trysting Place
- Kid Auto Races at Venice
- The Knockout
- Laughing Gas
- Mabel at the Wheel
- Mabel's Busy Day
- Mabel's Married Life
- Mabel's Strange Predicament
- Making a Living
- The Masquerader
- The New Janitor
- The Property Man
- Recreation
- The Rounders
- The Star Boarder
- Tango Tangles
- Those Love Pangs
- Twenty Minutes of Love
- 1915
- The Bank
- Charlie Chaplin's Burlesque on Carmen
- By the Sea
- The Champion
- His New Job
- His Regeneration
- In the Park
- A Jitney Elopement
- A Night Out
- A Night in the Show
- Shanghaied
- The Tramp
- A Woman
- Work
- 1916
- Behind the Screen
- The Count
- The Fireman
- The Floorwalker
- One A.M.
- The Pawnshop
- Police!
- The Rink
- The Vagabond
- 1917
- The Adventurer
- The Cure
- Easy Street
- The Immigrant
- 1918
- The Bond
- Shoulder Arms
- A Dog's Life
- Triple Trouble
- 1919
- A Day's Pleasure
- Sunnyside
- 1921
- The Idle Class
- 1922
- Pay Day
- 1923
- The Pilgrim

Feature films

(as actor and director except as noted)
- Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914) (actor only) - first feature-length comedy film ever produced.
- The Kid (1921)
- The Nut (1921) (cameo only)
- Souls For Sale (1923) (cameo only)
- A Woman of Paris (1923) (cameo, dir)
- The Gold Rush (1925)
- A Woman of the Sea (1926) (produced only)
- The Circus (1928)
- Show People (1928) (cameo only)
- City Lights (1931)
- Modern Times (1936)
- The Great Dictator (1940)
- Monsieur Verdoux (1947)
- Limelight (1952)
- A King in New York (1957)
- A Countess From Hong Kong (1967) (directed and makes a cameo appearance)

External links

- Official Sites
- [http://www.charliechaplin.com/ Official Charlie Chaplin Website]
- [http://www.discoverchaplin.com/ Discover Charlie Chaplin]
- [http://www.chaplinmuseum.com/ The Chaplin Museum]
- [http://www.charliechaplinarchive.org/ The Charlie Chaplin Archive]
- Biography
- [http://www.limelightmovieart.com/galleries/charlie_chaplin.php Charlie Chaplin biography]
- [http://www.clown-ministry.com/History/Charlie-Chaplin.html Clown Ministry's biography of Charlie Chaplin]
- [http://www.geocities.com/qubestrader/chaplin.html Charlie Chaplin - Biographical Chronology]
- Filmography
-
- Fan Sites
- [http://www.thelittlefellow.org The Little Fellow: A Charlie Chaplin Fan Page]
- [http://chaplin.comedyclassics.org Charlie Chaplin Forum - A place for fans to chat]
- Others
- [http://www.chaplinreview.com/ Chaplin Review]
- [http://silentgents.com/PChaplin.html Charlie Chaplin Photo Galleries]
- [http://www.classicmovies.org/articles/aa042201b.htm A collection of tribute webpages to Charlie Chaplin at Classicmovies.org]
- [http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~pringle/silent/chaplin/aaronhale.html Chaplin - An essay by Aaron Hale]
- [http://wso.williams.edu/~dgerstei/chaplin/intro.html Charlie Chaplin: A WWW Celebration]
- [http://www.fadetoblack.com/foi/charliechaplin/index.html Charlie Chaplin FBI File]
- [http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/chaplin.html The TIME 100: Charlie Chaplin]
- [http://www.thegoldenyears.org/chaplin.html Classic Movies (1939 - 1969): Directors: Charles Chaplin]
- [http://www.worldcinemaonline.com/films/184/0/Charlie-Chaplin-Film-Festival.html Download Chaplin's 'Mutual Films' in full screen dvd quality at World Cinema Online] Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin, Charlie

ja:チャーリー・チャップリン

倒A高达

∀ Gundam 又稱 Turn-A Gundam，是於1999年為了慶祝 Gundam 系列誕生 25 週年而製作的一套 TV版作品。由原作富野由悠季（富野孝喜）身任製作人。目前沒有被正式代理，翻譯的名稱有逆A或是倒A都有。

∀的意義

∀的形狀就像是一個倒著的Ａ，在數學上這個符號代表著For All，也就是對於所有的的意思。這代表著本作品試著把之前所有的 Gundam 作品結合在同一個時空下。也因此在此作品裡會出現之前在不同鋼彈作品以及世界觀出現的不同機械。

故事概要

故事舞台是在遙遠的未來，人類在地球上重新建立起文明，而科技再度發展到類似工業革命的時代。而被留在月球上的居民Moonrace則是保存了以前人類文明所發展的高科技。留在月球上的居民想要重回地球居住，而派遣了先鋒部隊Dianna Counter來到了Ameria（原來的美洲），想為月球人的移民做預備。而這個舉動惹怒了Ameria上的各領地。於是在地球跟月球的戰爭就開始了。

特色

本次 Gundam 的美術風格跟以往的完全不同，由安田朗（原街頭霸王人物設定）設定的人物們有很強烈的世界名作劇場風格，而由美國的 Syd Meed 重新設計的 Gundam 還有其他的機械也有很異於傳統 Gundam 的外表。劇情方面整體上則缺少以往富野作品中常常出現的悲劇。主角的個性很乖巧，不同以往富野作品裡主角擁有青少年叛逆行為。

機械設定

由著名美國科幻設定大師 Syd Meed 設定的機械一反日式科幻的美形風，讓原 Gundam 的觀眾大吃一驚。 category:鋼彈 ja:∀ガンダム

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Koss Hybrid
The term Koss Hybrid refers to the modification of Koss' The Plug or Spark Plug in which the OEM black memory foam tips are replaced with better ones. The replacement tips are often Etymotic ER-14's or even regular earplugs. The recent availablity of Koss Hybrids on eBay have made them a popular alternative to the expensive high-end noise isolation earphones offered by Shure and Etymotic.

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Chaplin as Auteur

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Chaplin: The Later Years

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See also

External links

ja:チャーリー・チャップリン

倒A高达

∀的意義

故事概要

特色

- Dazdie
- List of Roma, Sinti and mixed people
- Irish Travellers
- Romany language
- Timeline of Roma history
- Saint Sarah
- Decade of Roma Inclusion
- New Age Travellers
- Museum of Romani Culture